St. Charles Hall, Carroll College, Helena, Montana

 

This contribution was written for the Spring 2008 Introduction to Public History Class at Carroll College, Helena, Montana

 

Contributed by Marshall McEwen, May 2008

 

 

  1. St. Charles Hall, Carroll College, Helena, Montana
    1. The Heart of Carroll College: One Hundred Years of Dominance 
    2. Endnotes
    3. Bibliography

 

 

The Heart of Carroll College: One Hundred Years of Dominance 

 

“The aim of Capital Hill College will be to give the young men of Montana a thorough, liberal education which will fit them for leadership in any vocation they may choose and at the same time, so surround them with a religious atmosphere that they will ever follow conscience as their king.”[1] These words were spoken by Bishop John Patrick Carroll during a ceremonial ground breaking (1909) for what would become one of the pristine Catholic institutions in America, Carroll College. The dream that was Carroll College began with a strong movement for Catholic education in the mid-nineteenth century and has transformed Capital Hill into a focal point of Helena, Montana. At the top of this hill lies the heart of this college. Saint Charles Hall was constructed in 1909 and over its near 100 year history—although molded and changed to fit the times—has remained and will remain the heart of Carroll College.
 
Since the day of its conception the motto for this college has always been non scholae sed vitae—“not for school but for life.” This idea has changed the lives of the thousands that have walked through the doors here at Carroll. But for this motto to grab hold of a community, it needed a foundation from which to build upon. St. Charles Hall was that foundation. But to fully appreciate the building and the college it is imperative to have an understanding of where it came from and how it came to be put on a hill that was once reserved only for the location of the state capital building of Montana. 
 
As previously stated, the idea of a Catholic college in Helena was brought about by a widespread movement for a Catholic education across the nation. Out of the third Plenary Council of American Bishops in 1884 came an urging by the Catholic Church for parents of this faith to enroll their children in an institution that was taught from the Catholic beliefs.[2] Although this was originally attended for lower levels of education, it showed a concern of Catholic education for all ages. 
 
John Baptist Brondel was appointed Bishop of the Diocese of Helena on April 18, 1884 and it was he who started the idea that would eventually become Carroll College.[3] Bishop Brondel believed that the absence of a religious institution was a primary source of evil and it was his goal to provide a Catholic education to the youth of Helena. In the summer of 1887 he turned to the Jesuits for help in turning this idea into a reality. Shortly after, he received permission from the Church in Rome to build a college, which set in motion the purchase of two pieces of land and the accumulation of several thousand dollars for construction costs.[4] The project appeared to be under way. However, the money they were able to raise was unfortunately not enough to ensure the success of the college and the Jesuits were forced to drop their plans for the establishment of a Catholic education. Although Bishop Brondel never stopped working to provide a college to the Helenians of Montana, he regrettably passed away in November of 1903 and never fully saw his dream come alive. 
 
It was John Patrick Carroll, who after getting wind of Brondel’s work, finally brought a Catholic Institution to Montana. J.P. Carroll was appointed Bishop of the Diocese of Helena on September 12, 1904 and arrived in Helena nearly five months later.[5] Upon reaching his destination in Montana, J.P. Carroll hit the ground running with ideas of a Catholic education that had previously been instilled in him through his early work as president of another Catholic institution in Iowa. With the idea in place, all that he needed now was the financial support and a location. While the city of Helena was fighting to become the capital of Montana over the mining giant of Butte, it was thought that the hilltop on which St. Charles Hall now stands would be the perfect location for the capital, thereby providing the source of the hills name—Capital Hill.[6] The plan to place the capital building on the hill never fully went under way but the owners of the land would not let just any building take its place. They were saving the land for a structure that would bring pride to the city. J.P. Carroll sold them on the idea, what better a building to construct than the first Catholic College in Montana.
 
The Capital Hill location was ideal for the vision J.P. Carroll wanted to make into a reality. It provided a superlative view of the Prickly Pear Valley, far enough away from the city to rid of distractions of city life and still close enough to allow the university to grow with the community.[7] There is a dispute over whether or not the land was bought or donated. Either way, the fifty acres that the Diocese of Helena received came out of the hands of Mrs. A.P. Thatcher, Mr. James J. Hill, and Mr. Thomas Marlow.[8] J.P. Carroll now had the land; all that was left was the financial support. Brondel’s dream of a Catholic institution was crushed without the funds to keep the project on wheels. However, J.P. Carroll was a superb fund raiser and was able to overcome this obstacle. A large portion of the funding came from the acquisition of the former Burke and Balaklava Mine in Butte, which Mr. James Twohy donated to the Catholic Diocese of Montana.[9] Bishop Carroll later sold this land in 1907 for approximately 275,000 dollars and placed this money in the funds for the college. Other financial support came from numerous additional donations. J.P. Carroll now had the land and money and it was time now to construct Bishop Brondel’s dream. 
 
The college was not the only project that Bishop Carroll had going at the moment. He was also in the process of building a new Cathedral and another school known as St. Helena School.[10] He had the same architect working for him on all three buildings. Albert O. VonHerbulis was an Austrian-born architect who had an extensive knowledge in European Cathedrals. VonHerbulis proposed a Gothic style building that would be five stories tall, 180 feet in width and fifty five feet in depth. It has been thought that St. Charles Hall was to be the first of three buildings, with the other two being constructed when needed.  However, this idea is not true. The other two buildings were eventually build out of necessity to fit the growing population after World War I.[11] It was to be built of red porphyry, a native stone, with a steel roof, concrete and marble stairway, and granite trimmings.[12] The structure is also the first fireproof building in the Northwest. 
 
On June 16, 1909 Bishop Carroll broke ground for the first building, St. Charles Hall, for the newly formed college.[13] St. Charles Hall eventually had its cornerstone laid by the President of the United States, William Howard Taft, on September 27, 1909. The President happened to be in town at the Montana State Fair and was asked if he would assist in laying the cornerstone.[14] At the ceremony President Taft gave the college and St. Charles Hall his blessing saying,
 
"The college you are building here will be a blessing to Helena and to the whole state of Montana. The only trouble is we have not institutions enough of this kinda in the United States…. I feel honored in being asked to take part in this ceremony; the laying of the cornerstone of what is undoubtedly destined to be a gread educational institution, and I wish you God Speed in the completion of the institution."[15]
 
With the President’s blessing the building and the college were destined for success. Taft may have been in town for other reasons but there are few buildings that a graced by the President of the United States and St. Charles Hall was one of them.
 
The college was originally given the name Capital Hill College. Yet the name given at the ground breaking ceremony would not stick. Fr. William Greytak in his speech on St. Charles day, November 4, 1991, stated, “The name of a college is not merely a name, it is something with which alumni can identify, it is something with which to build pride.”[16] Bishop Carroll felt the same way. For a Catholic college he felt a more religious name was in order. Around this same time Pope Pius X had issued an encyclical commemorating St. Charles Borromeo. St. Charles Borromeo had first promoted the idea of a Diocesan college at the Council of Trent nearly 300 years earlier in 1609.[17] Bishop Carroll therefore decided to make St. Charles Borromeo the patron of the College and subsequently gave it the name Mount Saint Charles College. The third Bishop of Helena, George J. Finnigan, would again rename the college Carroll College in honor of its founder in 1932.[18] The name of the college might have changed, but the heart of the school was and forever will be called St. Charles Hall in honor of the saintly and scholarly archbishop Borromeo.
 
It is extremely important to understand where Carroll College came from because without the founding of the college, there would be no St. Charles Hall. St. Charles Hall can be seen from all around town sitting atop its throne on Capital Hill. The building is the foundation of the college and all talk of the college can be almost directly related to St. Charles Hall. Every student who has graduated or just even attended Carroll College has been affected by this structure. Its uses and appearance has changed dramatically from the day it opened its doors on September 22, 1910. The building did not initially even house any college students. St. Charles Hall originally housed fifty-six non college students, thirty three of which were enrolled at the Junior High level and twenty three at the senior level.[19] The institution was meant to provide young men with remote preparations needed for the priesthood. The college also aspired to provide education in professional business and agriculture. Courses in that first year were offered in English, math, history, science, chemistry, astronomy, philosophy, Latin, Greek, German, French, and elocution and debate.[20] All these courses were held in the building of St. Charles along with living space that included thirty private rooms with a modern club room and indoor apparatus.
 
St. Charles Hall was graced with its first college-level student in 1912. Patrick McVeigh, born and raised in Butte, Montana, graduated from Carroll in 1916 and went on to become the first Montanan ordained as a priest. He eventually returned to the college and remained there until he pasted away in his sleep in his bed in St. Charles Hall.[21] His graduation certificate actually still hangs in the O’Connell building below St. Charles. Nearly a year after McVeigh’s graduation America found itself becoming directly involved in the “Great War” that began nearly three years earlier consuming Europe in bloodshed. The effects of this war could be felt directly at this institution. Declining student population during the war efforts threatened to bring the college to an end and destroy St. Charles Hall as a source of Catholic education. Bishop John Patrick Carroll was not about to see his dream die at such an early age.   To draw in more students, Bishop Carroll petitioned for the college to be accepted into the Student Army Training Corps, SATC, a forerunner for the ROTC.[22] The object of the training corps was to utilize educational institutions for the selecting and training of all kinds of officers and technical experts. Bishop Carroll believed,
 
"Registration for the unit at Mount Saint Charles College will be an earnest of staunch American Catholic Patriotism and will afford to the only Catholic college in the inter-mountain states the opportunity to cooperate with the government, an opportunity eagerly desired."[23]
 
Although only opened for a few months before the wars end, the SATC brought in an additional 145 men and did its job of helping keep the doors to St. Charles opened.
 
Additions to St. Charles Hall began to sprout up at this time with the cornerstone for the new gymnasium, which also housed the science department, laid on November 24, 1917 on then north slope of Capital Hill. Its addition provided at athletic court for basketball and state of the art science labs. The ceiling of the newly built gymnasium was originally covered with wood because there was a plan to build a superstructure that would reach as high as St. Charles Hall.[24] Unfortunately, the extra floors, that would have housed numerous dorm rooms allowing for a bigger population, were never built. A third building began construction on May 20, 1923 when the cornerstone was laid on the south side of St. Charles Hall. This building housed the library, chapel, auditorium, dining room, and kitchen.[25] In 1925 with the completion of St. Albert Hall, the college was able to house twelve Dominican sisters from Spear, Germany. These women were brought in specifically to cut costs of food service and janitorial work.[26] Although the addition of these three buildings added to the size and capacity of Carroll College, they did not take away from St. Charles as the heart of the institution.
 
With the onset of the Great Depression after the stock market crashed on Black Tuesday in October of 1929, the college was yet again in trouble. At this point and time there were an abundance of students but very few who could now afford to attend college. A few things occurred which allowed St. Charles to again keep its doors open. First, the faculty subsidized the educational operation by accepting drastic salary cuts.[27] Resident priest faculty members also agreed to keep teaching a large number of classes while also taking on the role of administrative tasks for the college with no added financial compensation. Carroll was also able to cut costs on cooking because the Dominican Sisters from Germany took care of all the kitchen work and even performed janitorial work until 1934 when the college seemed to be coming out of the whole that was dug during the Great Depression. Disaster, however, would strike again very soon.
 
During the year of 1935, Montana was struck with numerous earthquakes that hit all ranges on the Richter scale. Helena was unable to avoid the damages. Various school, houses, and churches around the city suffered catastrophic damage. Numerous schools closed down for a brief period of time. During the month of October there were 710 registered quakes alone.[28] Two major earthquakes on October 18 and 31 caused approximately 12,000 dollars worth of damage to St. Charles Hall, which was not completely repaired until November 4, 1936.[29] The earthquakes loosened coping stones, took out part of the two gable walls and generally cracked up the interior. The school was momentarily close but reopened on November 11, 1935 with a certificate of occupation by engineers, which demonstrated that the building was safe to occupy. The father of the present Academic Dean of Carroll College, Dr. Jerry Berberet, recalled being in the building at the time of the earthquakes and not knowing whether or not the entire building was going to topple.[30] Interestingly, the severely damaged spires from St. Charles Hall were used to construct the Neuman Observatory, which houses a twelve-inch reflecting telescope. 
 
The year 1936 brought about the finalization of Carroll as strictly a college institution. That year Carroll’s high school department moved to the newly constructed Cathedral High School making Carroll an official liberal arts Diocesan boarding college.[31] Eventually the United States would find itself once again consumed by war with the onslaught of the Second World War. Carroll and St. Charles Hall would also once again feel the affects. It was Monsignor Riley’s job to keep the college from ceasing to exist. He was called upon to persuade the government into transforming the small aeronautics program at the college into a government supported naval training program. If Monsignor Riley had not succeeded Carroll would have had no choice but to close it doors due to the increasingly low number of students—because of the draft—and a severely low pool of funding.[32] However, the college was fortunately selected as a V-12 Training Center.
 
The Civil Pilot Training program, housed at St. Charles, was approved by the Civil Aeronautics Administration on September 29, 1939 and was eventually turned over for war training services in the summer of 1942.[33] Also, on April 30, 1943 President Rev. Emmet J. Riley announced Carroll College had been accepted by the Navy Department as an official V-12 training school.[34] The program was designed to train officer candidates for the Navy Air Corps, Civil Engineer Corps, Construction Corps, Supply Corps and Chaplain Corps, and to prepare deck officers for general Navy Duty. These army and navy personnel were housed, fed, and educated in St. Charles Hall. The upper two floors of St. Charles were largely inactive due to the few number of students and the lack of funding to properly maintain the entire building. With the addition of these programs, not only did the government pay for the trainee’s tuition, they provided Carroll College with the money to upgrade and maintain the fourth and fifth floors.[35] Training of army personnel was terminated in January of 1943, however, the training of navy pilots under the V-5 program continued until August of 1944. The V-12 program admitted its first class on July 1, 1943 and saw its last class depart the college on October 24, 1945. Over 700 army and naval trainees lived and studied at St. Charles.[36] Carroll teetered on the brink of closing yet the president and St. Charles Hall helped to avoid that fate. 
 
After what seemed like a never ending string of misfortunes that reached all the way into the heart of Helena, Carroll College and its signature building were finally able to catch their breath.  In 1946 the college decided to begin incorporating women into their institution with a new nursing program that was in cooperation with the Sisters of Charity out of Leavenworth, Kansas.[37] The new nursing program coupled with returning veterans who were seeking to continue their education after the war brought an all time high in enrollment and the call for more buildings. The period from the late 1950’s to the mid 1970’s saw an explosion of buildings adding to the size of Carroll College moderate fifty plus acre land. The completion of two new buildings, Borromeo Hall and the Science Hall, brought about change in St. Charles’s organization. Fr. Tom O’Donnell, a then graduating senior, remembers staring out his fourth floor room in St. Charles in awe of the construction being done for the fresh new look of the campus. He recalls the addition of the two buildings was a big deal because up until that point St. Charles Hall had been anything and everything Carroll College ever needed. The library was finally moved out of St. Charles and into the new Science building until the construction of new Jack and Sallie Corrette Library was completed in 1979. 
 
There were numerous other buildings added to the campus that brought about new faces in St. Charles. Ground was broken in 1960 for the construction of two more new buildings each being completed by December of 1961. Guadalupe Hall became the first on campus-women’s residence, while a new dining hall was finished that was known as the Carroll Commons.[38] Guadalupe Hall allowed St. Charles to stay a strictly all-male dormitory for the time being, while the addition of a new dining hall took the food services out of the oldest building on the college grounds. The Carroll Commons also took events such as dances and class competitions out of St. Charles and into the newly assembled building.  Also, all the administrative offices of the college had been located in the main wing of St. Charles Hall until 1966 when the finalization of O’Connell Hall over what had previously been Lake Bluff, was completed making room for more classrooms and offices.[39]
 
Nineteen sixty-six also saw the renovation of the basement of St. Charles to make room for additional male residence. Lastly, a brand new P.E. center was completed in 1970 allowing the college to transform the old gym into the Old North Performing Arts Center, which features seating for 250 people. All these changes to the Carroll College campus, in a way, took away from St. Charles because students no longer had to spend their entire day in this building. However, the building never lost its prestige of being the heart of Carroll College. It was still located at the center of campus and its focal point on Capital Hill allowed it to look down upon those buildings around it, reinforcing its supremacy. 
 
One area of great distinction in St. Charles Hall is the chapel that has been located in the south wing since its construction in 1924. The chapel of today is a completely different chapel then the original. Also, the Kirchen Pastoral Center is currently located in the south wing of St. Charles next to the chapel and it provides a unified set of offices for campus ministry and staff. The campus ministry was previously spread across campus and communication difficult at times. Fr. Proxell said it best, “The heart of Carroll College is in St. Charles hall and the campus ministry needs to be in it.”[40] The renovation of the chapel, and more specifically the spectacular glasswork, was completed by Fr. Dan Hillen and can be a place of worship for 125 faithful at any given time. Interestingly, the fifth floor of St. Charles was the home to sky chapels until the 1960’s, as well as a weight room. Fr. O’Donnell recalls having served mass up in these sky chapels in the early 1950’s next to the structural roof beams that were visible in almost all the rooms. Eventually these rooms were transformed into what is today a set of dorm rooms for both men and women. 
 
The late 1960’s and early 1970’s were again not without their own problems. Fr. Tom O’Donnell returned to Carroll to teach in 1969 for three years until he was named the Academic Dean and eventually made into the Vice President of the College. He recalls that the cultural and sexual revolution of the late 1960’s and early 1970’s, the Vietnam War, and the changes that occurred after the Second Vatican Council, which ended in 1965, all brought very difficult years for Carroll College.[41] He reported that it was never easy to keep a university running and Carroll College was no different. Funding and financial support is always a problem even to this day. The current Academic Dean, Dr. Jerry Berberet, reiterates what Fr. O’Donnell said in that Carroll College is always striving to generate more revenue for a continuing underpaid faculty and staff. Currently the college is also in dire need of funding to renovate older buildings, such as St. Charles, and to build new ones for an ever increasing student population.[42]
 
Carroll College saw its most recent disaster at 4:48 a.m. on Groundhog’s Day, February 2, 1989 when a railroad tank car exploded on the nearby tracks.[43] Although St. Charles was able to avoid major structural damage, the P.E. center, Guadalupe Hall and the Library building were a different story. Numerous windows were broken on Guadalupe and the commons and the library even suffered an enormous whole put in the ceiling from flying debris.[44] David McGoldrick, an alumnus of the history department, explains in his portion of a speech given on the history of Carroll College on November 4, 1991 that although much of the damage was due directly to the explosion, a great deal more occurred as the result of lost electrical power due to the blast.[45] The wind chill factor the next day was a staggering seventy below zero and resulted in frozen radiators, broken pipes, and the malfunction of heating pipes that were severely damaged. Even though the three harshly damages buildings remained closed, classes began once again on February 13. St. Charles was once again made a focal point of learning on campus, as it was called upon to take on the extra students that the other three buildings could no longer do for the time being. 
 
For over the first fifty years of Carroll College’s existence St. Charles Hall was catch-all building. Fr. O’Donnell and Dr. Berberet echoed each other when stating that one could literally never have to leave St. Charles Hall. Everything that a college needed was provided in this building until the late 1950’s.  It was home to classrooms, student and faculty dining and living areas, the kitchen, the library, the chapel, the gym and all sorts of state of the art science labs. The current president of the college, Dr. Thomas Trebon, blieves St. Charles is “emblematic of the college, its history, and its sense of community…clearly stands out for all to see in Helena—on a hill like the capital and cathedral….It is the ‘signature’ for Carroll College.”[46]
 
There is a bright future ahead for Carroll College and St. Charles Hall. President Trebon explains that Carroll College is currently engaging in a major campus planning effort, examining needs and possibilities. Because of its significance to the institution, St. Charles is at the top of this list. An engineering study will be performed over the course of the next year will help shed light on any issues that may be wrong with St. Charles opening the doorway for a number of new possibilities.[47] President Trebon describes the possible transformation of St. Charles into a strictly classroom and office building with a number of other potential combinations. As soon as the study of the building is complete, administrators will have a better understanding of the structures strengths and weaknesses and along with a good sense of what else is needed on campus, the board will have a better understanding of where St. Charles and Carroll College is headed.[48]
 
When Mount Saint Charles College opened its doors on September 22, 1910 it was the home to fifty-six non college level students. Today, Carroll College is home to more than 1,500 students, 702 of which live on campus, and St. Charles Hall has seen thousands of students walk through its halls.[49] President Trebon, sees various lasting traditions noting a,
 
"Strong sense of community; strong history of active athletics; deep caring of faculty, students, admin; headlights and searches as key experiences for students; the history of victories for the talking saints; the strong Catholic identity, especially in service to others; the welcome to new students including helping them move in; softball weekend; the very high academic standards; the Carroll song; collaborative governance involving faculty, staff, students; a loyal alumni base. Some new ones: the induction ceremony; the march of grads to commencement between rows of faculty/staff; the pizza with the prez nights; the significant service done by athletes (and others) in the community."[50]
 
None of these traditions would be possible without the vision of Bishop Brondel, without the success of Bishop Carroll in starting a Catholic College in Helena, and without the continued hard work and dedication of the thousands who have helped bring Carroll College to the point it is at today as one of the leading Catholic institutions in the country. And at the heart of this pristine university is St. Charles Hall, which was the foundation and the beginning of a dream that has lasted nearly 100 years. 
 
 
 
 

Endnotes

 

[1] David William McGoldrick, “Mount St. Charles College: A Catholic College on the American Frontier” (master’s thesis, University of Montana, 1993), 23.
[2] Ibid., 6.
[3] Ibid., 11.
[4] Ibid., 12.
[5] Fr. William Greytak and David William McGoldrick, “Carroll College or ‘Jack’s Castle’: From Dreams to Reality” (presentation, Carroll College, Helena, MT, November 4, 1991).
[6] Ibid.
[7] David William McGoldrick, “Mount St. Charles College: A Catholic College on the American Frontier” (master’s thesis, University of Montana, 1993), 16.
[8] Fr. William Greytak and David William McGoldrick, “Carroll College or ‘Jack’s Castle’: From Dreams to Reality” (presentation, Carroll College, Helena, MT, November 4, 1991).
[9] Ibid.
[10] Ibid.
[11] Bob Swartout, interview by Marshall McEwen, April 23, 2008.
[12] David William McGoldrick, “Mount St. Charles College: A Catholic College on the American Frontier” (master’s thesis, University of Montana, 1993), 21.
[13] Fr. William Greytak and David William McGoldrick, “Carroll College or ‘Jack’s Castle’: From Dreams to Reality” (presentation, Carroll College, Helena, MT, November 4, 1991).
[14] Ibid.
[15] David William McGoldrick, “Mount St. Charles College: A Catholic College on the American Frontier” (master’s thesis, University of Montana, 1993), 23.
[16] Fr. William Greytak and David William McGoldrick, “Carroll College or ‘Jack’s Castle’: From Dreams to Reality” (presentation, Carroll College, Helena, MT, November 4, 1991).
[17] Ibid.
[18] Students of Carroll College, The Hilltopper (Helena: the Associated Student Body of Carroll College, 1947), 1.
[19] David William McGoldrick, “Mount St. Charles College: A Catholic College on the American Frontier” (master’s thesis, University of Montana, 1993), 26.
[20] Ibid., 27.
[21] Fr. Tom O’Donnell, interview by Marshall McEwen, Helena, MT, April 22, 2008.
[22] Bishop John Patrick Carroll, letter from the Bishop’s house, August 30, 1918.
[23] Ibid.
[24] Fr. O’Donnell, interview by Marshall McEwen, Helena, MT, April 22, 2008.
[25] Helena Independent Record, September 8, 1984.
[26] Bob Swartout, interview Marshall McEwen, April 23, 2008.
[27] David Neu, Tribune-Montana Parade, October 28, 1984.
[28] C.R. Anderson, Helena Earthquakes (Helena: Printed by Independent Publishing Co., 1936), 77.
[29] Students of Carroll College, The Hilltopper (Helena: the Associated Student Body of Carroll
College, 1947), 1.
[30] Jerry Berberet, interview by Marshall McEwen, Helena, MT, April 22, 2008.
[31] Fr. William Greytak and David William McGoldrick, “Carroll College or ‘Jack’s Castle’: From Dreams to Reality” (presentation, Carroll College, Helena, MT, November 4, 1991).
[32] Ibid.
[33] Students of Carroll College, The Hilltopper (Helena: the Associated Student Body of Carroll College, 1947), 2.
[34] Ibid.
[35] Bob Swartout, interview Marshall McEwen, April 23, 2008.
[36] Ibid.
[37] Fr. William Greytak and David William McGoldrick, “Carroll College or ‘Jack’s Castle’: From Dreams to Reality” (presentation, Carroll College, Helena, MT, November 4, 1991).
[38] Helena Independent Record, September 8th 1984.
[39] Fr. William Greytak and David William McGoldrick, “Carroll College or ‘Jack’s Castle’: From Dreams to Reality” (presentation, Carroll College, Helena, MT, November 4, 1991).
[40] Carroll College Chronicle 34, no. 2 (Summer 1996).
[41] Fr. Tom O’Donnell, interview by Marshall McEwen, Helena, MT, April 22, 2008.
[42] Jerry Berberet, interview by Marshall McEwen, Helena, MT, April 22, 2008.
[43] Fr. William Greytak and David William McGoldrick, “Carroll College or ‘Jack’s Castle’: From Dreams to Reality” (presentation, Carroll College, Helena, MT, November 4, 1991).
[44] Fr. Tom O’Donnell, interview by Marshall McEwen, Helena MT, April 22, 2008.
[45] Fr. William Greytak and David William McGoldrick, “Carroll College or ‘Jack’s Castle’: From Dreams to Reality” (presentation, Carroll College, Helena, MT, November 4, 1991).
[46] Thomas Trebon, e-mail message to Marshall McEwen, April 20, 2008.
[47] Ibid.
[48] Ibid.
[49] “FAQ,” Carroll College, http://www.carroll.edu/about/faq.cc (accessed April 21, 2008).
[50] Thomas Trebon, e-mail message to Marshall McEwen, April 20, 2008.

 

 

Bibliography

 
  • Anderson, C.R. Helena Earthquakes. Helena: Printed by Independent Publishing Co. 1936.
  • Berberet, Dr. Jerry. Interview by Marshall McEwen. Helena, MT. April 22, 2008.
  • Carroll, Bishop John Patrick. Letter from the Bishop’s house. August 30, 1918.
  • Carroll College Chronicle 34 (Summer 1996).
  • Carroll College, Students of. The Hilltopper. Helena: the Associated Student Body of Carroll College, 1947.
  • “FAQ.” Carroll College. http://www.carroll.edu/about/faq.cc (accessed April 21, 2008).
  • Greytak, Fr. William and McGoldrick, David William. “Carroll College or ‘Jack’s Castle’: From Dreams to Reality.” Presentation in honor of St. Charles Borremeo, Helena, MT, November 4, 1991.
  • Helena Independent Record. September 8, 1984.
  • McGoldrick, David William. “Mount St. Charles College: A Catholic College on the  American Frontier.” M.A. Thesis, University of Montana, 1993.
  • Neu, David. Tribune-Montana Parade. October 28, 1984.
  • O’Donnell, Fr. Tom. Interview by Marshall McEwen. Helena, MT. April 22, 2008.
  • Swartout, Dr. Bob. Interview by Marshall McEwen. April 23, 2008.
  • Trebon, Dr. Thomas. E-mail to Marshall McEwen. April 20, 2008.
 


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